{"id":49087,"date":"2023-08-24T13:47:27","date_gmt":"2023-08-24T12:47:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.climatechangenews.com\/?p=49087"},"modified":"2023-08-24T13:47:27","modified_gmt":"2023-08-24T12:47:27","slug":"bolivia-venezuela-deforestation-soy-beef-illegal-gold-mining","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.climatechangenews.com\/2023\/08\/24\/bolivia-venezuela-deforestation-soy-beef-illegal-gold-mining\/","title":{"rendered":"Soy, beef and gold gangsters: Why Bolivia and Venezuela won’t protect the Amazon"},"content":{"rendered":"

This month\u2019s Amazon summit brought together leaders from eight countries to sketch out a plan to protect the rainforest, but ended without a pledge to end deforestation by 2030 in the final document.<\/strong><\/p>\n

That target was pushed by Brazil but met the opposition of the Bolivian government, according to Brazilian officials quoted in the\u00a0Financial Times<\/a>\u00a0and the\u00a0Guardian<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe tried [to include some deforestation targets], but Bolivia explicitly asked for it to be deleted,\u201d said one official, \u201cVenezuela was perhaps [also] reluctant, but since Bolivia was so strongly [opposed], they did not need to speak against it\u201d.<\/p>\n

Bolivia and Venezuela were also the only two Amazon nations not to sign a pledge<\/a> to protect forests at the Cop26 summit in Glasgow in 2021.<\/p>\n

Between them, they hold roughly a seventh of the Amazon. But their governments are permissive when it comes to extractive activities in those areas\u2014and in both countries deforestation is on the rise.<\/p>\n

Agribusiness ambitions<\/h3>\n

Bolivia\u2019s reported position at the Amazon summit is in line with its policies at home, which prioritise development and the export of agricultural commodities, among others.<\/p>\n

Bolivia\u2019s soy and beef exports<\/a> are small compared to those of Brazil and Argentina, the regional agriculture giants. But they are growing, and the Bolivian government has set ambitious targets<\/a> for the sector.<\/p>\n

To meet them it has built infrastructure<\/a>, kept taxes on agriculture low<\/a> and subsidised fuel. It has also handed out<\/a> forested public lands to internal migrants while authorising more forest clearing and decriminalising illegal deforestation.<\/p>\n

Rapidly accelerating deforestation<\/h3>\n

According to Fundaci\u00f3n Tierra, a Bolivian NGO, deforestation averaged roughly 300,000 hectares a year<\/a>, an area the size of Hong Kong, between 2016 and 2021.<\/p>\n

For three years running, Global Forest Watch has ranked<\/a> Bolivia third in the world for loss of primary forest, ahead of Indonesia and behind only much bigger forest nations Brazil and the Democratic Republic of Congo.<\/p>\n

Yet there\u2019s no sign of the government reducing its support for agribusiness. Declining gas exports have made agricultural exports all the more important to maintain the country\u2019s international reserves.<\/p>\n

EU puts<\/strong> Maro\u0161 \u0160ef\u010dovi\u010d in charge of climate policy<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s a sector that, even if it doesn\u2019t generate much in the way of taxes, is very important for foreign exchange,\u201d said Enrique Ormachea, an investigator at CEDLA, a Bolivian NGO.<\/p>\n

Bolivia’s lack of foreign exchange has damaged<\/a> its international credit rating, pushing up the price it pays to borrow money.<\/p>\n

Recent policies aim to produce palm oil<\/a>, boost beef exports<\/a> to China and build biodiesel refineries<\/a> that would use Bolivian produce\u2014all of which would further expand the agricultural frontier.<\/p>\n

Venezuela\u2019s gold rush<\/h3>\n

On the other side of the Amazon, Luis Betancourt is the head of Venezuelan NGO Grupo de Investigaciones sobre la Amazon\u00eda.<\/p>\n

He told Climate Home: “In the Venezuelan Amazon we don\u2019t really have deforestation for ranching or large-scale agriculture, what we have is illegal mining.\u201d<\/p>\n

According to the IMF, between 2013 and 2021 Venezuela\u2019s economy shrank by more than four-fifths. Millions left the country in search of work. Many others went into small-scale gold mining.<\/p>\n

\"Why

An illegal gold mine in the south of Venezuela, pictured in 2012 (Reuters\/Jorge Silva)<\/p><\/div>\n

The government looked to mining to replace the revenues lost with the collapse of the oil industry. In 2016, President Nicol\u00e1s Maduro decreed the creation of the Orinoco Mining Arc, taking an area that holds roughly a tenth of the nation\u2019s landmass and five national parks and opening it up for mining concessions.<\/p>\n

RAISG, a network of NGOs, has detected almost 2,000 mining sites<\/a> in the Venezuelan Amazon, where it is estimated some 189,000 people work.<\/p>\n

Mines are controlled by armed groups, including guerrilla groups and mining gangs known as sindicatos. Investigations by Insight Crime indicate<\/a> many are linked to organised crime and backed by elements of the Venezuelan state, who take a cut of the profits.<\/p>\n

Lack of interest<\/h3>\n

One study put the loss of forest in the Venezuelan Amazon at 140,000 hectares<\/a> between 2016 and 2020, accounting for 1.6% of the total loss across the Amazon in that period.<\/p>\n

Asked why Venezuela might have resisted a pledge to eradicate deforestation by 2030, Professor Mar\u00eda Eugenia Grillet, an ecologist at the Universidad Central de Venezuela, said it was perhaps because that would imply committing itself to something it cannot achieve in the short or even medium-term.<\/p>\n

\u201cBecause ultimately the government doesn\u2019t seem interested in the conservation of our Amazonian forests,\u201d she said. \u201cThis illegal gold mining seems to be promoted by a certain part of the state, by corruption, by unregulated illicit activities\u2014and by the political, economic and social crisis of the country.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Bolivia wants to chop down trees to grow soy, beef and palm oil while Venezuela is unwilling or unable to restrain illegal gold 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