{"id":47744,"date":"2022-12-16T09:30:07","date_gmt":"2022-12-16T09:30:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.climatechangenews.com\/?p=47744"},"modified":"2022-12-20T09:57:08","modified_gmt":"2022-12-20T09:57:08","slug":"indias-sugarcane-farmers-struggle-to-cope-with-droughts-and-floods","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.climatechangenews.com\/2022\/12\/16\/indias-sugarcane-farmers-struggle-to-cope-with-droughts-and-floods\/","title":{"rendered":"India&#8217;s sugarcane farmers struggle to cope with droughts and floods"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>This story is the first of Climate Home News&#8217; four-part series &#8220;The human cost of sugar&#8221;, supported by the <a href=\"https:\/\/pulitzercenter.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pulitzer Center<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u201cI won\u2019t ever recover what I invested,\u201d said 67-year-old Kalua Mehmood, a sugarcane farmer in Shahabpur, a village in western Uttar Pradesh, in northern India. Due to scarce rainfall, his sugarcane farm will deliver a poor harvest this year.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The rainfall during the monsoon season, between June and September, was erratic this year, he told Climate Home News. 10 years ago, farmers could count on steady rainfall. \u201cBut this year I have already irrigated my crop 10 times with a tube well [diesel pump] and even now the sugarcane has no juice,\u201d Mehmood said, showing its stunted growth and dry yellow leaves.<\/p>\n<p>Mehmood is one of millions of Indian sugarcane farmers who is suffering the onslaught of climate change. More intense and longer droughts and floods, caused by climate change, are destroying sugarcane crops and plunging millions of farmers and their families into debt, while creating dangerous working conditions. In August and September, Climate Home travelled to Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh, to hear their stories.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>India\u2019s most valuable crop<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>India is the <a href=\"https:\/\/pib.gov.in\/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1865320\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">largest consumer and producer of sugar<\/a> in the world. Sugarcane is a critical crop for the economy; it accounts for <a href=\"https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/287380502.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">about 10%<\/a> of the country\u2019s agricultural output and the livelihoods of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.niti.gov.in\/sites\/default\/files\/2021-08\/10_Report_of_the_Task_Force_on_Sugarcan_%20and_Sugar_Industry_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">50 million farmers and their dependents<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIt is no secret how important sugarcane is to India,\u201d said Devinder Sharma, an independent food and agriculture expert. Further expansion of the sugar industry \u201cneeds to be discouraged,\u201d said Sharma. \u201cIt is taking too much water.\u201d The crop needs <a href=\"https:\/\/www.niti.gov.in\/sites\/default\/files\/2021-08\/10_Report_of_the_Task_Force_on_Sugarcan_%20and_Sugar_Industry_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">about 2,000 litres<\/a> of water to produce 1kg of sugar.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThere is just no reason for us to continue pushing for sugarcane when we have options like corn syrup available,\u201d said Sharma. \u201cRather than looking at adaptation measures, we need to prepare a package to take farmers away from the sugarcane cultivation.\u201d<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_47651\" style=\"width: 810px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-47651\" class=\"size-full wp-image-47651\" src=\"https:\/\/www.climatechangenews.com\/files\/2022\/11\/13_MU_Nov-2022_PulitzerSugarSeries-e1670424233722.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.climatechangenews.com\/files\/2022\/11\/21171947\/13_MU_Nov-2022_PulitzerSugarSeries-e1670424233722.jpg 800w, https:\/\/cdn.climatechangenews.com\/files\/2022\/11\/21171947\/13_MU_Nov-2022_PulitzerSugarSeries-e1670424233722-300x168.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cdn.climatechangenews.com\/files\/2022\/11\/21171947\/13_MU_Nov-2022_PulitzerSugarSeries-e1670424233722-600x337.jpg 600w, https:\/\/cdn.climatechangenews.com\/files\/2022\/11\/21171947\/13_MU_Nov-2022_PulitzerSugarSeries-e1670424233722-112x63.jpg 112w, https:\/\/cdn.climatechangenews.com\/files\/2022\/11\/21171947\/13_MU_Nov-2022_PulitzerSugarSeries-e1670424233722-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-47651\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">A tractor ploughs a sugarcane field in Hardoi district, Uttar Pradesh.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<h3>Climate impacts<\/h3>\n<p>The industry is feeling the impacts of climate change, Mahesh Palawat, vice president of Skymet Weather, a private weather forecaster in India, told Climate Home.<\/p>\n<p>In 2022, India suffered an <a href=\"https:\/\/timesofindia.indiatimes.com\/india\/total-heatwave-days-in-2022-over-5-times-more-than-last-years\/articleshow\/93172931.cms\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">extreme heatwave<\/a> and recorded the hottest March in the <a href=\"https:\/\/internal.imd.gov.in\/press_release\/20220402_pr_1551.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">last 122 years<\/a>. Maharashtra <a href=\"https:\/\/news.abplive.com\/news\/india\/maharashtra-s-chandrapur-records-highest-temp-at-46-deg-c-as-heatwave-stretches-across-india-1529217#:~:text=Brahmpuri%20recorded%20a%20maximum%20temperature%20of%2046.3%20degrees%20Celsius%20while,Celsius%2C%20showed%20the%20IMD%20data.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recorded<\/a> temperatures of over 46C and in Banda district in Uttar Pradesh temperatures reached <a href=\"https:\/\/timesofindia.indiatimes.com\/city\/lucknow\/banda-swelters-at-49c-hottest-in-up-3rd-in-india\/articleshow\/91583704.cms\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">49C<\/a>. According to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/journals\/lancet\/article\/PIIS0140-6736(22)01540-9\/fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a Lancet report<\/a>, heat-related deaths of people over 65 years increased by 55% in India from 2000-2004 to 2017-2021.<\/p>\n<p>Following the heatwave, Maharashtra experienced heavy downpours [in July and October], which damaged many sugarcane crops, Palawat said. In Uttar Pradesh, there were drought-like conditions until mid-September and \u201cthen we suddenly had heavy rain.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Maharashtra experienced a sixfold increase in floods between 1970 and 2019, according to a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ceew.in\/sites\/default\/files\/CEEW-Preparing-India-for-extreme-climate-events_10Dec20.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report by the Council on Energy, Environment and Water<\/a>, a Delhi-based think tank.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cAgriculture requires stable weather\u2026 these episodes of extreme weather events are harmful,\u201d said Palawat. \u201cWhat this can result in is that we may have a bumper crop in one region in a particular year but that can quickly change in the next year due to unpredictable weather.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Intense heat or extreme cold deteriorates the quality of the sugarcane juice and the overall quality of the final sugar product, according to a <a href=\"https:\/\/farmer.gov.in\/cropstaticssugarcane.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">government report<\/a>. Temperatures exceeding 35C-40C stunt the growth of the sugarcane crop and reduce the overall yield, according to a <a href=\"https:\/\/mausamjournal.imd.gov.in\/index.php\/MAUSAM\/article\/view\/1187\/1019\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2016 study<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Despite these climate challenges, sugarcane is still considered a better bet than other crops. According to a government report, the net return on cultivating sugarcane is <a href=\"https:\/\/www.niti.gov.in\/sites\/default\/files\/2021-08\/10_Report_of_the_Task_Force_on_Sugarcan_%20and_Sugar_Industry_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">200\u2013250% higher<\/a> than for cotton or wheat.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-47761\" src=\"https:\/\/www.climatechangenews.com\/files\/2022\/12\/Weekly-deficit-UP-3.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"681\" height=\"577\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.climatechangenews.com\/files\/2022\/12\/09160456\/Weekly-deficit-UP-3.png 681w, https:\/\/cdn.climatechangenews.com\/files\/2022\/12\/09160456\/Weekly-deficit-UP-3-198x168.png 198w, https:\/\/cdn.climatechangenews.com\/files\/2022\/12\/09160456\/Weekly-deficit-UP-3-398x337.png 398w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 681px) 100vw, 681px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3><strong>Not enough water<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Between May and September 2022, very little rain fell on Uttar Pradesh.<\/p>\n<p>When Climate Home visited Shahabpur in Uttar Pradesh in September, it had just rained for the first time in 40 days. Farm owner Firasut Ali said the area only saw three proper rain spells during the entire monsoon season.<\/p>\n<p>250km away in Uttar Pradesh\u2019s Hardoi district, Ammar Zaidi, a former banker, said that when he started farming in 2014, he was able to secure 40,000-42,500kg of crop per acre. But in the last two years, this has shrunk to about 30,000-36,000kg per acre due to heatwaves. \u201cWe are in the thick of the monsoon season but if you touch the ground all you can feel is dust.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Sitting in his sugarcane field, Zaidi showed Climate Home his diseased sugarcane crop. According to Bharat Rachkar, from the Central Sugarcane Research Station in Maharashtra, when temperatures exceed 40C, \u201cwe see the problem of bugs and parasites in the stem\u201d.\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/farmer.gov.in\/cropstaticssugarcane.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">When temperatures drop below 25C<\/a>, germination is also affected.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cI have calculated all my inputs and my overall costs. At the end of the day, I am not getting the return [on investment] I need to survive in this profession,\u201d said Zaidi. \u201cIf I started making a balance sheet, I would be in the negative every year.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cFor every investment of 100,000 rupees ($1,230), a farmer is only able to secure 90,000 rupees ($1,100),\u201d he said.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWhy am I still doing this? It is probably because like many others in my area my family has been connected to this land and farming for ages. I can\u2019t just leave.\u201d<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_47650\" style=\"width: 810px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-47650\" class=\"size-full wp-image-47650\" src=\"https:\/\/www.climatechangenews.com\/files\/2022\/11\/11_MU_Nov-2022_PulitzerSugarSeries-e1670424258786.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.climatechangenews.com\/files\/2022\/11\/21171824\/11_MU_Nov-2022_PulitzerSugarSeries-e1670424258786.jpg 800w, https:\/\/cdn.climatechangenews.com\/files\/2022\/11\/21171824\/11_MU_Nov-2022_PulitzerSugarSeries-e1670424258786-300x168.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cdn.climatechangenews.com\/files\/2022\/11\/21171824\/11_MU_Nov-2022_PulitzerSugarSeries-e1670424258786-600x337.jpg 600w, https:\/\/cdn.climatechangenews.com\/files\/2022\/11\/21171824\/11_MU_Nov-2022_PulitzerSugarSeries-e1670424258786-112x63.jpg 112w, https:\/\/cdn.climatechangenews.com\/files\/2022\/11\/21171824\/11_MU_Nov-2022_PulitzerSugarSeries-e1670424258786-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-47650\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Labourers prepare sugarcane fields in Sangli district, Maharashtra<\/p><\/div>\n<h3><strong>Broken dreams<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Diljinder Singh, who lives in the village Sheetlapur in Uttar Pradesh, told Climate Home News that he has many broken dreams. He used to work for Jet Airways and live in Gurugram, the swanky neighbouring city of Delhi.<\/p>\n<p>In 2012, he left his job and returned to his village, where his family owns land, to run a sugarcane farm. His parents warned against it. Singh believed that with better sowing and irrigation methods, he could farm in a more productive way. But his harvests languished.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe whole pattern is disturbed,\u201d Singh said. \u201cAbout 5-7 years ago, we used to get good rainfall and we didn\u2019t require irrigation but today people are dependent on diesel-run generators to irrigate their fields.\u201d<\/p>\n<h3>Too much water<\/h3>\n<p>Heat isn\u2019t the only problem. In late September, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnbctv18.com\/india\/unseasonal-heavy-rains-hit-paddy-sugarcane-crops-in-north-india-14811651.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">heavy downpours hit Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra<\/a>, damaging 2.3 million hectares (23,000 sq km) of crops, including sugarcane. When heavy rains like this hits, it leads to waterlogged soil which <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW23501535 BCX0\">impacts the germination process and stunts the root development, <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW23501535 BCX0\">said <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2Themed SCXW23501535 BCX0\">Rachkar<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW23501535 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u201cI was born in 1989 and until 2006 I had never seen floods in my region. Since then I have seen [floods] three times,\u201d said Ankush Churmule, a farmer whose family has been involved in sugarcane farming for 50 years.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cAreas of western Maharashtra, where the sugarcane is grown near the river, are facing a lot of impact due to successive floods. In those areas, the farmers are moving to bamboo,\u201d said Rahul Ramesh Patil, president of the Weather Literacy Forum, a group that raises awareness about changing weather patterns.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_47644\" style=\"width: 810px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-47644\" class=\"size-full wp-image-47644\" src=\"https:\/\/www.climatechangenews.com\/files\/2022\/11\/20_MU_Nov-2022_PulitzerSugarSeries-e1670424201637.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.climatechangenews.com\/files\/2022\/11\/21165306\/20_MU_Nov-2022_PulitzerSugarSeries-e1670424201637.jpg 800w, https:\/\/cdn.climatechangenews.com\/files\/2022\/11\/21165306\/20_MU_Nov-2022_PulitzerSugarSeries-e1670424201637-269x168.jpg 269w, https:\/\/cdn.climatechangenews.com\/files\/2022\/11\/21165306\/20_MU_Nov-2022_PulitzerSugarSeries-e1670424201637-539x337.jpg 539w, https:\/\/cdn.climatechangenews.com\/files\/2022\/11\/21165306\/20_MU_Nov-2022_PulitzerSugarSeries-e1670424201637-768x480.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-47644\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A farmer removes weeds from floodwater in Kolhapur district, Maharashtra, India<\/p><\/div>\n<p>The poor harvests caused by excess flooding also impact people with associated livelihoods such as rearing bulls or transporting goods. Kiran Shamrao, who rears bulls for sugarcane farming in Maharashtra, told Climate Home that flooding had severely reduced his profits.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cOur life runs on the bulls. Before, there was little rain, so we had some work for the bulls. But now, because of so much rain, the bulls don&#8217;t have work anymore, and we are at a loss,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Price guaranteed, timing not<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>If these regions are so prone to droughts and floods, then why do farmers continue to grow sugarcane? The simple answer is that sugarcane fetches them an assured price as it is regulated by the government, unlike other crops such as cotton and soy beans.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cFrom production to export, every part of the sugar industry is regulated in India. Farmers have an assured buyer and price and they know every last cane will be purchased,\u201d said Sonjoy Mohanty, director of the Indian Sugar Mills Association.<\/p>\n<p>That does not mean payment is swift. Sharma told Climate Home that payments are \u201coften delayed for a year and sometimes even more, bringing hardship to farmers\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Because of delayed payments, farmers are struggling to make ends meet and are falling into debt, Zaidi said. &#8220;Except for sowing, farmers have nothing in their control\u2013 neither production nor the final price.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.niti.gov.in\/sites\/default\/files\/2021-08\/10_Report_of_the_Task_Force_on_Sugarcan_%20and_Sugar_Industry_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Representatives for sugarcane farmers told Niti Aayog<\/a>, the government think tank, that climate threats, such as droughts and floods, \u201crestrict their ability to switch to alternate crops\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThese weather conditions lead to poor forecasting and the risk of crop failure is higher with other crops [such as cotton, wheat and soybean],\u201d they said.<\/p>\n<p>The Indian government has established a <a href=\"https:\/\/agricoop.nic.in\/sites\/default\/files\/NADMP%20%281%29_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Agriculture Disaster Management Plan<\/a> to understand the impact of climate change on farming and focus on disaster risk reduction and possible adaptation measures for the sector.<\/p>\n<p>But farmers told Climate Home they need more support.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-47760\" src=\"https:\/\/www.climatechangenews.com\/files\/2022\/12\/temperature-3.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"585\" height=\"1220\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.climatechangenews.com\/files\/2022\/12\/09160452\/temperature-3.png 585w, https:\/\/cdn.climatechangenews.com\/files\/2022\/12\/09160452\/temperature-3-81x168.png 81w, https:\/\/cdn.climatechangenews.com\/files\/2022\/12\/09160452\/temperature-3-162x337.png 162w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 585px) 100vw, 585px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>No going back<\/h3>\n<p>In such a catch-22 situation, what is the solution?<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWith climate change being a reality, the crop patterns need to be adjusted otherwise it will heavily impact the yield,\u201d said 50-year-old Suresh Kabade, who has worked as a sugarcane farmer for the past 30 years. \u201cWe need to change with climate change.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>A <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mceccr.in\/document\/2020\/2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2019 study<\/a> by a group of Indian scientists recommended the development of efficient irrigation practices, the adoption of a heat-tolerant cane variety and reducing the use of fossil fuel fertilisers in the near future to assist the sugar industry and help it adapt to the changing climate in northern India.<\/p>\n<p>Other measures could include farmers adopting solar-powered pumps, getting crop insurance, and being taught to use weather forecasting tools, which are readily available but not widely used due to a lack of training.<\/p>\n<p>Most of the farmers Climate Home spoke to were pessimistic about what lies ahead. Singh said there are times when he regrets leaving his corporate job but now there is no option but to continue. \u201cWe can\u2019t go back.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Asked if he will encourage his daughter to follow in his footsteps, Singh was direct. \u201cMy nine-year-old daughter enjoys farming and helps me in the fields. Considering my achievements, I would encourage her to take up farming\u2026 but if I consider present-day policies, I would never ask her to go into agriculture.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><em>Reporting by Mayank Aggarwal and Arvind Shukla. Photography by Meenal Upreti. Data visualisation by Gurman Bhatia. The Pulitzer Center supported this project with a reporting grant as part of its <a href=\"https:\/\/pulitzercenter.org\/journalism\/initiatives\/your-workenvironment\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Your Work\/Environment initiative<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"In India more intense droughts and floods are destroying sugarcane crops and plunging millions of farmers and their families into debt","protected":false},"author":57,"featured_media":47655,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[31,4232,96],"tags":[142,2315,3871,4958],"coauthors":[4954,4953,4955,4956],"class_list":["post-47744","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-adaptation","category-agriculture","category-india","tag-extreme-weather","tag-farming","tag-india","tag-the-human-cost-of-sugar","type-news"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>India&#039;s sugarcane farmers struggle to cope with droughts and floods<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"In India, climate change is intensifying droughts and floods hitting sugarcane crops, plunging millions of farmers into debt.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, 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